Cyfera Technology for your business
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About us
At Cyfera Technology, we are dedicated to delivering exceptional, reliable, and valuable services tailored to our clients' unique needs. Our mission is to educate and empower businesses by demystifying complex cybersecurity and AI concepts, seamlessly integrating them into their business processes and technologies. By enhancing their cybersecurity posture, we help our clients achieve their strategic objectives with confidence.
Our team comprises a diverse and versatile group of professionals with extensive expertise across various business and technology domains, including information technology, IT infrastructure, IT audit, cybersecurity, and vendor risk management. Our consultants have worked with a range of industries, from financial services, banking, and insurance to manufacturing and software development, bringing a wealth of practical experience and industry-specific knowledge to every engagement.
At Cyfera Technology, we pride ourselves on our ability to adapt and innovate, ensuring that our clients remain at the forefront of industry standards and best practices. We offer a comprehensive suite of services, from cybersecurity risk assessments and compliance audits to AI-driven data analytics and customized training programs. Our proactive approach ensures that our clients not only meet regulatory requirements but also enhance their operational efficiency and resilience against cyber threats.
We believe in building long-term partnerships with our clients, characterized by trust, transparency, and mutual respect. Our commitment to continuous improvement and client satisfaction drives us to deliver solutions that are not only effective but also sustainable. Let Cyfera Technology be your trusted advisor in navigating the complexities of cybersecurity and AI, and together, we'll create a safer, smarter, and more secure future.
Contacts
Top AI News
Top Information Security News
Cybersecurity Vulnerabilities and Exposures
Information Security Frameworks
ISO 27001
ISO is an independent, non-governmental international organization with a membership of 163 national standards bodies. Through its members, it brings together experts to share knowledge and develop voluntary, consensus-based, market relevant International Standards that support innovation and provide solutions to global challenges.
COBIT5
As an independent, nonprofit, global association, ISACA engages in the development, adoption and use of globally accepted, industry-leading knowledge and practices for information systems. Previously known as the Information Systems Audit and Control Association, ISACA now goes by its acronym only, to reflect the broad range of IT governance professionals it serves.
NIST
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was founded in 1901 and now part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. NIST is one of the nation's oldest physical science laboratories. Congress established the agency to remove a major challenge to U.S. industrial competitiveness at the time—a second-rate measurement infrastructure that lagged behind the capabilities of the United Kingdom, Germany, and other economic rivals.
SABSA
SABSA is a proven methodology for developing business-driven, risk and opportunity focused Security Architectures at both enterprise and solutions level that traceably support business objectives. It is also widely used for Information Assurance Architectures, Risk Management Frameworks, and to align and seamlessly integrate security and risk management into IT Architecture methods and frameworks.
COSO
The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission COSO) is a joint initiative of the five private sector organizations and is dedicated to providing thought leadership through the development of frameworks and guidance on enterprise risk management, internal control and fraud deterrence.
FFIEC
In light of the increasing volume and sophistication of cyber threats, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) developed the Cybersecurity Assessment Tool (Assessment) to help institutions identify their risks and determine their cybersecurity preparedness. The Assessment provides a repeatable and measurable process for financial institutions to measure their cybersecurity preparedness over time.
Information Security Awareness & Education
SANS Top 20 Critical Security Controls
- Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Devices
- Inventory of Authorized and Unauthorized Software
- Secure Configurations for Hardware and Software
- Continuous Vulnerability Assessment and Remediation
- Controlled Use of Administrative Privileges
- Maintenance, Monitoring, and Analysis of Audit Logs
- Email and Web Browser Protections
- Malware Defenses
- Limitation and Control of Network Ports
- Data Recovery Capability
- Secure Configurations for Network Devices
- Boundary Defense
- Data Protection
- Controlled Access Based on the Need to Know
- Wireless Access Control
- Account Monitoring and Control
- Security Skills Assessment and Appropriate Training to Fill Gaps
- Application Software Security
- Incident Response and Management
- Penetration Tests and Red Team Exercises
Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) Ranking
| Rank | ID | Name | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| [1] | CWE-79 | Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') | 46.82 |
| [2] | CWE-787 | Out-of-bounds Write | 46.17 |
| [3] | CWE-20 | Improper Input Validation | 33.47 |
| [4] | CWE-125 | Out-of-bounds Read | 26.5 |
| [5] | CWE-119 | Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer | 23.73 |
| [6] | CWE-89 | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection') | 20.69 |
| [7] | CWE-200 | Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor | 19.16 |
| [8] | CWE-416 | Use After Free | 18.87 |
| [9] | CWE-352 | Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) | 17.29 |
| [10] | CWE-78 | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') | 16.44 |
| [11] | CWE-190 | Integer Overflow or Wraparound | 15.81 |
| [12] | CWE-22 | Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') | 13.67 |
| [13] | CWE-476 | NULL Pointer Dereference | 8.35 |
| [14] | CWE-287 | Improper Authentication | 8.17 |
| [15] | CWE-434 | Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type | 7.38 |
| [16] | CWE-732 | Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource | 6.95 |
| [17] | CWE-94 | Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection') | 6.53 |
| [18] | CWE-522 | Insufficiently Protected Credentials | 5.49 |
| [19] | CWE-611 | Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference | 5.33 |
| [20] | CWE-798 | Use of Hard-coded Credentials | 5.19 |
| [21] | CWE-502 | Deserialization of Untrusted Data | 4.93 |
| [22] | CWE-269 | Improper Privilege Management | 4.87 |
| [23] | CWE-400 | Uncontrolled Resource Consumption | 4.14 |
| [24] | CWE-306 | Missing Authentication for Critical Function | 3.85 |
| [25] | CWE-862 | Missing Authorization | 3.77 |
OWASP Top 10 Machine Learning Security Risks
- ML01:2023 Input Manipulation Attack
- ML02:2023 Data Poisoning Attack
- ML03:2023 Model Inversion Attack
- ML04:2023 Membership Inference Attack
- ML05:2023 Model Theft
- ML06:2023 AI Supply Chain Attacks
- ML07:2023 Transfer Learning Attack
- ML08:2023 Model Skewing
- ML09:2023 Output Integrity Attack
- ML10:2023 Model Poisoning
OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications
LLM01 - Prompt Injection
This manipulates a large language model (LLM) through crafty inputs, causing unintended actions by the LLM. Direct injections overwrite system prompts, while indirect ones manipulate inputs from external sources.
LLM02 - Insecure Output Handling
This vulnerability occurs when an LLM output is accepted without scrutiny, exposing backend systems. Misuse may lead to severe consequences like XSS, CSRF, SSRF, privilege escalation, or remote code execution.
LLM03 - Training Data Poisoning
This occurs when LLM training data is tampered, introducing vulnerabilities or biases that compromise security, effectiveness, or ethical behavior. Sources include Common Crawl, WebText, OpenWebText, & books.
LLM04 - Model Denial of Service
Attackers cause resource-heavy operations on LLMs, leading to service degradation or high costs. The vulnerability is magnified due to the resource-intensive nature of LLMs and unpredictability of user inputs.
LLM05: Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
LLM application lifecycle can be compromised by vulnerable components or services, leading to security attacks. Using third-party datasets, pre-trained models, and plugins can add vulnerabilities.
LLM06: Sensitive Information Disclosure
LLMs may inadvertently reveal confidential data in their responses, leading to unauthorized data access, privacy violations, and security breaches. It's crucial to implement data sanitization and strict user policies to mitigate this.
LLM07: Insecure Plugin Design
LLM plugins can have insecure inputs and insufficient access control. This lack of application control makes them easier to exploit and can result in consequences like remote code execution.
LLM08: Excessive Agency
LLM-based systems may undertake actions leading to unintended consequences. The issue arises from excessive functionality, permissions, or autonomy granted to the LLM-based systems.
LLM09: Overreliance
Systems or people overly depending on LLMs without oversight may face misinformation, miscommunication, legal issues, and security vulnerabilities due to incorrect or inappropriate content generated by LLMs.
LLM10: Model Theft
This involves unauthorized access, copying, or exfiltration of proprietary LLM models. The impact includes economic losses, compromised competitive advantage, and potential access to sensitive information.
OWASP Top 10 Application Security Risks - 2017
A1:2017-Injection
Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.
A2:2017-Broken Authentication
Application functions related to authentication and session management are often implemented incorrectly, allowing attackers to compromise passwords, keys, or session tokens, or to exploit other implementation flaws to assume other users' identities temporarily or permanently.
A3:2017-Sensitive Data Exposure
Many web applications and APIs do not properly protect sensitive data, such as financial, healthcare, and PII. Attackers may steal or modify such weakly protected data to conduct credit card fraud, identity theft, or other crimes. Sensitive data may be compromised without extra protection, such as encryption at rest or in transit, and requires special precautions when exchanged with the browser.
A4:2017-XML External Entities (XXE)
Many older or poorly configured XML processors evaluate external entity references within XML documents. External entities can be used to disclose internal files using the file URI handler, internal file shares, internal port scanning, remote code execution, and denial of service attacks.
A5:2017-Broken Access Control
Restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do are often not properly enforced. Attackers can exploit these flaws to access unauthorized functionality and/or data, such as access other users' accounts, view sensitive files, modify other users' data, change access rights, etc.
A6:2017-Security Misconfiguration
Security misconfiguration is the most commonly seen issue. This is commonly a result of insecure default configurations, incomplete or ad hoc configurations, open cloud storage, misconfigured HTTP headers, and verbose error messages containing sensitive information. Not only must all operating systems, frameworks, libraries, and applications be securely configured, but they must be patched/upgraded in a timely fashion.
A7:2017-Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
XSS flaws occur whenever an application includes untrusted data in a new web page without proper validation or escaping, or updates an existing web page with user-supplied data using a browser API that can create HTML or JavaScript. XSS allows attackers to execute scripts in the victim's browser which can hijack user sessions, deface web sites, or redirect the user to malicious sites.
A8:2017-Insecure Deserialization
Insecure deserialization often leads to remote code execution. Even if deserialization flaws do not result in remote code execution, they can be used to perform attacks, including replay attacks, injection attacks, and privilege escalation attacks.
A9:2017-Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities
Components, such as libraries, frameworks, and other software modules, run with the same privileges as the application. If a vulnerable component is exploited, such an attack can facilitate serious data loss or server takeover. Applications and APIs using components with known vulnerabilities may undermine application defenses and enable various attacks and impacts.
A10:2017-Insufficient Logging&Monitoring
Insufficient logging and monitoring, coupled with missing or ineffective integration with incident response, allows attackers to further attack systems, maintain persistence, pivot to more systems, and tamper, extract, or destroy data. Most breach studies show time to detect a breach is over 200 days, typically detected by external parties rather than internal processes or monitoring.
Information Security Reference Architectures
